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Endnotes, Bibliography and Appendix

Endnotes

1 Statistics Canada. Population Projections for Canada, Provinces and Territories: 1993-2016. Ottawa: Industry Canada, 1998.

2 The 1998 Report of the Auditor General found that "government spending on social security will accelerate" and that "population aging will intensify pressure on medicare." In 1996, all levels of government spent an estimated $52.6 billion on health care, or 6.4% of GDP. While most of the growth in health care spending since the 1970s has been due to higher spending per user, better services, and the higher cost of those services, the report noted that "even if future increases in per capita spending prove to be lower than in the past for every age group, medicare expenditures overall will rise as the population ages." The report estimated that spending on health care would rise to 9% of GDP by 2031 in the medium-cost case scenario.

3 Statistics Canada. Education in Canada 1997. Ottawa: Industry Canada, 1998.

4 According to results from the Canada Health Monitor Survey, Canadians under age 34 have a higher propensity to identify education as their preferred priority for government spending. But for Canadians over age 35, the priority shifts to health, and this focus on health becomes particularly strong for those over age 45. Approximately 34% of Canadians between 45 and 64 chose health as their preferred priority for government spending, compared to less than 17% who chose education as the priority.

5 Toronto Board of Education, Research Services. Schools in Toronto: 1991-1992.

6 Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Basic Departmental Data 1997. Ottawa: Industry Canada, 1998.

7 Statistics Canada. Annual Demographic Statistics 1998. Ottawa: Industry Canada, 1999.

8 According to the NLSCY, 20.5% of children experienced parental separation in their first 10 years of life. National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, 1994-95.

9 David P. Ross et al. How do Lone-parent Children Differ from All Families? Applied Research Bulletin, Winter 1998-7E. Ottawa: Human Resources Development Canada 1998.

10 Cleveland, G. et al. The Costs and Benefits of Good Child Care. Toronto: Canadian Childcare Research Unit, 1998.

11 Yalnizyan, Armine. The Growing Gap. Toronto: Centre for Social Justice, October 1998.

12 Ibid.

13 Ibid.

14 Canada's child poverty rate remains very high. Since 1989, the number of poor children has increased by 60% - to 564,000. In 1989, one child in seven was poor; by 1996, one in five was poor. The number of poor children in two-parent families has increased by 43%, while the number in lone-parent families has increased by 92%. In 1989, 8.7% of children lived in families with incomes of less than $20,000 per year (1996 constant $); by 1996, the rate had climbed to 13.1%, or 932,000 children in families with annual incomes of less than $20,000.

15 Statistics Canada. "Labour Force Survey," in The Daily, January 8, 1999.

16 Lowe, Graham. Personal interviews, 1999.

17 Shapiro, Bernard. Personal interviews, 1999.

18 Lowe, Graham et al. 1996 Alberta High School Graduate Survey: Report of the Research Findings. Edmonton: Communications Branch, Alberta Advanced Education and Career Development, January 1998.

19 For example, BC announced a five-year plan in 1995 to have one computer for every three secondary students and every six elementary students. By the year 2000, Alberta will have spent $85 million making computer equipment available to students and promoting the use of technology in the classroom. Council of Ministers of Education, Canada. Report on Education in Canada 1998. (www.cmec.ca/reports/rec98).

20 Canadian Education Association, Educational Trends in Canada. (www.acea.ca/trends.html)

21 Angus Reid Group Inc. Internet study shows schoolchildren using computers for homework. May 29, 1998 (www.angusreid.com).

22 Statistics Canada. "Household facilities by income and other characteristics," in The Daily, March 20, 1998.

23 As examples, New Brunswick has eliminated school boards. Ontario has removed significant authority from school boards and has mandated the establishment of school-level councils that are being given a larger role.

24 Canadian Policy Research Networks. The Society We Want - A public dialogue. Discussion Leader's Kit, April 1997.

25 Adams, Michael. Sex in the Snow. Toronto: Viking Press, 1997.

26 Ibid.

27 A 1996 Ekos poll found that 53% were "very satisfied" or "somewhat satisfied" with the overall state of public education. When asked about elementary and secondary school education in their province, 43% described it as "good" or "excellent," 30% as "adequate," and 21% as "poor." The majority of people still had confidence in schools as institutions: 53% had "lots of confidence," while only 19% had "little confidence," and the remaining 28% had "moderate confidence."

28 Wideen, Marvin et al. Impact of immigration on education in British Columbia: An analysis of efforts to implement policies of Multiculturalism in schools. Vancouver: Vancouver Centre of Excellence, Working Paper Series #99-02, January 1999.

Bibliography

Adams, Michael. Sex in the Snow. Toronto: Viking Press, 1997.

Angus Reid Group Inc. "Healthcare Overtakes the Public Agenda," in The Public Agenda, July 1998.

Angus Reid Group Inc. Internet study shows school children using computers for homework. May 29, 1998. (http://www.angusreid.com)

Angus Reid Group Inc. Shakedown: How the Economy is Changing Our Lives. Toronto: Doubleday Canada Ltd, 1996.

Canada Health Monitor Survey. Ottawa: 1997.

Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives. "The Decline of Per-Pupil Expenditures," in CCPA Education Monitor, March 1999.

Cleveland, G. and Krashinsky, M. The Costs and Benefits of Good Child Care: The Economic Rationale for Public Investment in Young Children. Toronto: Canadian Childcare Research Unit, 1998.

Council of Ministers of Education, Canada. Report on Education in Canada, 1998. (http://www.cmec.ca/reports/)

Council of Ministers of Education, Canada. "Key Trends," from the Second National Consultation on Education. Edmonton, May 1996. (http://www.cmec.ca/nce/key96e1.htm)

Canadian Education Association. Educational Trends in Canada. (http://www.acea.ca/trends.html).

Ekos poll. Fact sheets, 1996.

Environics Research Group. Focus on Education 1997-2 Survey, 1998.

Indian and Northern Affairs Canada. Basic Departmental Data 1997. Ottawa: Industry Canada, 1998.

Institute for Research on Public Policy. "Special Edition: Education Reform," in Policy Options Vol. 19, No. 6. July/August 1998.

Keating, Daniel P. "Human Development in the Learning Society," in Andy Hargreaves et al. (eds.), International Handbook of Educational Change. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1998.

Krahn, Harvey and Lowe, Graham. "School to Work Transitions and Postmodern Values: What's Changing in Canada?" in Walter R. Heinz (ed.), From Education to Work: Cross-National Perspectives. Cambridge: University Press, 1999.

Krahn, Harvey and Lowe, Graham. 1997 Alberta Graduate Survey: Labour Market and Educational Experiences of 1994 University Graduates. Analytic report prepared for Alberta Advanced Education and Career Development, Communications Branch. January 1998.

Lewington, Jennifer. "School to Work: Bridging Worlds," in The Globe and Mail, March 4, 1999, Section C.

Lewington, Jennifer. "School Confronts 'Big Lie' about Goals," in The Globe and Mail, October 6, 1995, A1-4.

Looker, Dianne et al. "Preparation for the World of Work: Research and Policy," in Halloway, Burt and Hudson, Joe (eds.), Youth in Transition. Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing Inc., 1996.

Lowe, Graham and Krahn, Harvey. "Reconceptualizing Youth Unemployment," in Julian Barling et al. (eds.), Young Workers: Varieties of Experience. Washington: American Psychological Association, 1998.

Lowe, Graham et al. 1996 Alberta High School Graduate Survey: Report of the Research Findings. Edmonton: Alberta Advanced Education and Career Development, Communications Branch, January 1998.

MacIntyre, Frank. "Teacher Shortage Looms," in Professionally Speaking. December 1998. (www.oct.on.ca/englisg/PS7/cover.htm)

MacKinnon, Jean Donna. "Wired Women," in The Toronto Star. March 4, 1999.

National Foundation for Family Research and Education. The Effects of Family Structure on Child Development: A Literature Review. (www.nffre.org)

Office of the Auditor General. 1998 Report of the Auditor General. Ottawa: 1998. (www.oag.gc.ca)

Ontario College of Teachers. Background: Teacher Supply Survey, 1998.

Ross, David P. et al. "How do Lone-parent Children Differ from all Families," in Applied Research Bulletin, Winter 11998-7E Ottawa: Human Resources Development Canada 1998.

Schellenberg, Grant and Clark, Christopher. Temporary Employment in Canada: Profiles, Patterns and Policy Considerations. Ottawa: Canadian Council on Social Development, 1996.

Statistics Canada. "Trends in Fertility," in Fertility Projections for Canada, Provinces and Territories, 1993-2016. Ottawa: Industry Canada, 1998.

Statistics Canada. Annual Demographic Statistics, 1998. Ottawa: Industry Canada, 1999.

Statistics Canada. Population Projections for Canada, Provinces and Territories: 1993-2016. Ottawa: Industry Canada, 1998 (Catalogue No. 91-520, Occasional).

Statistics Canada. Education in Canada 1997. Ottawa: Industry Canada, 1998.

Statistics Canada. "Household facilities by income and other characteristics," in The Daily, March 20, 1998.

Statistics Canada. "Labour Force Survey," in The Daily, January 8, 1999.

Statistics Canada and Human Resources Development Canada. National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, 1994-95.

Toronto Board of Education. The 1991 Every Secondary Student Survey, Part II: Detailed Profiles of Toronto's Secondary School Students. Toronto: Toronto Board of Education Research Services, 1993.

Toronto Board of Education. Schools in Toronto: 1991-1992. Toronto: Toronto Board of Education Research Services, 1993.

Wideen, Marvin et al. "Impact of immigration on education in British Columbia: An analysis of efforts to implement policies of multiculturalism in schools," in Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis: Working Series. Vancouver: Vancouver Centre of Excellence, 1999.

Yalnizyan, Armine. The Growing Gap. Toronto: Centre for Social Justice, October 1998.

Zimmerman, Maxine et al. "Making a Difference: Critical Friendships: Moving from Struggle to Success in Secondary School Improvement," in Education Canada, Vol. 38, No. 3, Fall 1998.

Appendix 1: Reference Group

Michael Adams
Environics Research Group
Toronto

Paul Cappon
Director General
Council of Ministers of Education, Canada
Toronto

Arthur Donner
Economic Consultant
Toronto

Thérèse Laferrière
Professeure
Dépt. de didactique, de psychopédagogie et de technologie éducative
Université Laval
Québec

Pauline Laing
Former Director of Education for the Durham Board of Education
Toronto

Jennifer Lewington
Journalist
The Globe and Mail
Toronto

Graham Lowe
Network Director, Work Network
Canadian Policy Research Networks
Edmonton

Scott Murray
Director
Culture, Tourism and the Centre for Education Statistics
Statistics Canada
Ottawa

Morton Weinfeld
Professor/Researcher, Metropolis Project
Department of Sociology
McGill University
Montreal

Additional Reviewers

Michael Fullan
Dean, The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education
University of Toronto
Toronto

Victor Glickman
Director
Learning and Education Technology
B.C. Ministry of Education
Victoria

Daniel Keating
The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education
University of Toronto
Toronto

Will Kymlicka
Department of Philosophy
Queen's University
Kingston

Penny Milton
Executive Director
Canadian Education Association
Toronto

Bernard Shapiro
Principal and Vice-Chancellor
McGill University
Montreal

 

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